These are the answers to the multiple choice questions on the first exam. 1-5 were taken directly from the earlier quizzes, and so I won't explain those answers again.

1. What example does Locke use to discuss how sensations can be 'changed' by judgement?

- Though we perceive a stick half submersed in water to be bent, we can, after experience, judge it to be straight.

- Even though we have certain memories, we can judge that they did not really occur.

- Though we only have sensation of properties, we judge that there is a substance.

- Though the sensation we get from a globe is of a flat disk, we can, after experience, judge it to be spherical.

2. What is Locke's problem about memory, and what is his solution?

- Problem: We can never know that our memories are correct.
- Solution: We can correct erroneous memories through judgement.

- Problem: How can we tell the difference between a memory and a sensation?
- Solution: Judgement about the time of the perception.

- Problem: If we can only remember sensations, then how can we remember substances?
- Solution: The same way that Understanding intuits substance in sensation, it intuits it in memory.

- Problem: Perceptions cease to exist when not perceived.
- Solution: Memory is the creation of new perceptions, together with the idea that we have had that perception before.

3. I am looking at a red apple, creating an episode in which an idea and a quality -- both of which we might call 'red' -- play a role. I then turn around and look at an orange, forgetting about the apple. Which of the following is true?

- The apple's quality of red still exists, but that idea of red does not.

- That idea of red still exists, but that quality does not.

- Both the idea and the quality of redness still exist.

- Neither the idea nor the quality of redness still exist.

4. Locke brings up the issue of punishment and legal culpability because:

- He appeals to the fact that they used to punish people's bodies (whips, incarceration, etc.) to support his point that personal identity is based on the body.

- He appeals to the fact that we don't punish the sober person for his actions when drunk or mad to support his theory about consciousness being important for personal identity.

- He appeals to the fact that we don't punish plants to support his point that it is the soul or spiritual substance that accounts for personal identity.

- All of the above.

5. Which of the following properties of a liter of water is a relational property?

- The property of having a mass of 1000 grams.

- The property of taking up 1000 cubic centimeters of space.

- The property of being able to dissolve sugar.

- The property of turning into a solid at or below 0 degrees centigrade.

6. Locke holds a causal theory of perception. What is a causal theory of perception?

- God causes us to perceive the things we perceive.

- External objects cause us to have (some of) the ideas we have.

- Our perceptions cause our memories to be the way they are.

- We can directly perceive casual relationships, not just infer them through judgment.

7. What is the point of the hot/cold water example?

a. To show that the ideas of heat and coldness cannot be in the external object.

b. To provide an example of how perception of temperature can be altered by judgment.

c. To provide an opportunity for him to show how his theory of primary and secondary qualities explains the phenomenon.

d. Both a and b.

NOTE: I think I will also give credit for (a). But (b) is clearly false, and hence so is (d).

8. Which ideas resemble their causes?

a. Ideas of primary qualities.

b. Ideas of secondary qualities.

c. Ideas of tertiary qualities.

d. Both a and b.

9. According to Locke's theory, is a piece of chalk the same piece of chalk after I have written on the board with it?

- No, because at least some of the constituent atoms are now missing, and they would all have to be there for it to be the same piece of chalk.

- Can't tell, because Locke doesn't provide a principle of individuation for pieces of chalk.

- Yes, because the chalk would be the same mass even after it losses a few particles.

- No, because the chalk would not be the same mass after it looses a few particles.

10. What puzzle can be raised for Locke's account of personal identity as a result of accepting the premise that identity is transitive?

- The same person would be able to move, or 'transit', from one body to another.

- You could have the same person in two bodies at the same time.

- If A gains B's memories, then it would be justifiable to punish A for things that B did.

- A and B can be the same person, and B and C be the same person, but A and C NOT be the same person.